math

math module provides access to the mathematical functions defined by the C standard.

Number-theoretic and representation functions

import math

math.ceil(5.8) # 6

ceil(x) returns the ceiling of x, the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

math.floor(5.8) # 5

floor(x) returns he floor of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x.

math.comb(6, 2) # 15

comb is combinations. comb(n, k) returns the number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition and without order.

Evaluates to n! / (k! * (n - k)!) when k <= n and evaluates to zero when k > n.

math.fabs(-5) # 5.0

fabs(x) returns the absolute value of x.

math.factorial(5) # 120

factorial(n) returns n factorial as an integer.

math.gcd(12, 60, 30) # 6

gcd(*integers) returns the greatest common divisor of the specified integer arguments.

math.isclose(5.6, 5.601) # False
math.isclose(5.6, 5.6000000001) # True

isclose(a, b, ...) returns True if the values a and b are close to each other and False otherwise.

The default tolerance is 1e-09, which assures that the two values are the same within about 9 decimal digits.

math.lcm(6, 5, 3) # 30

lcm(*integers) returns the least common multiple of the specified integer arguments.

math.perm(6, 2) # 30

perm(n, k) returns the number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition and with order.

Evaluates to n! / (n - k)! when k <= n and evaluates to zero when k > n.

Power and logarithmic functions

# Return e raised to the power x, where e = 2.718281… is the base of natural logarithms. 
math.exp(5) # 148.4131591025766

# Return 2 raised to the power x.
math.exp2(5) # 32.0

# With one argument, return the natural logarithm of x (to base e).
math.log(math.e ** 2) # 2.0

# With two arguments, return the logarithm of x to the given base, 
# calculated as log(x)/log(base).
math.log(25, 5) # 2.0

# Return the base-2 logarithm of x.
math.log2(8) # 3.0

# Return the base-10 logarithm of x. 
math.log10(1000) # 3.0

# Return x raised to the power y. 
math.pow(2, 10) # 1024.0

# Return the square root of x.
math.sqrt(100) # 10.0

Trigonometric functions

# Return the cosine of x radians.
math.cos(math.pi) # -1.0

# Return the Euclidean distance between two points p and q.
math.dist((0, 0), (2, 2)) # 2.8284271247461903

# Roughly equivalent to:
sqrt(sum((px - qx) ** 2.0 for px, qx in zip(p, q)))

# Return the sine of x radians.
math.sin(math.pi/2) # 1.0

# Return the tangent of x radians.
math.tan(math.pi/4) # 0.9999999999999999, basically 1.0

Angular conversion

# Convert angle x from radians to degress
math.degrees(math.pi) # 180.0

# Convert angle x from degrees to radians.
math.radians(180) # 3.141592653589793

Constants

# The mathematical constant π
math.pi # 3.141592653589793

# The mathematical constant e
math.e # 2.718281828459045

# The mathematical constant τ, which is 2π
math.tau # 6.283185307179586

# A floating-point positive infinity
math.inf

# A floating-point “not a number” (NaN) value
math.nan

# math.nan are not considered to equal to any other numeric value, 
# including themselves.
math.nan == math.nan # False

Code Challenge

Try to modify the code in the editor to make it output the answer.